Avena (燕麥)屬的分類
植物種 (染色體條數)
二倍體(14)、四倍體(28)、六倍體(42)
Section Avenotrichon (Holub) Baum 1種 (28)
Section Ventricosa Baum 3種 (14)
Section Agraria Baum 3種(14) 1種(14,28)
A. nuda L.
(14)
Section Tenuicarpa Baum 5種(14) 3種(28) 3種(14,28)
Section Ethiopica Baum 2種(28)
Section Pachycarpa Baum 3種(28)
Section Avena 8種(42)
A. atherantha Presl (42)
A. fatua L. (42)
A. hybrida Peterm. (42)
A. occidentalis Dur. (42)
A. sativa L. (42) 植物圖鑑欣賞
A. byzantina C. Koch (42)
A. sterilis L. (42)
A. trichophylla C. Koch (42)
____________________________________
Avena fatua
野生燕麥 雜草
Avena sativa 栽培燕麥
主要栽培種，佔75%
Avena byzantina 紅燕麥 次要栽培種，佔<25%
Avena nuda 裸燕麥 (青裸麥) 具有開發潛力，中國雲藏高原有種
栽培 (普通)燕麥 ：榖粒分離時，上位榖粒由花梗(rachilla)節斷裂，因此小花梗留在下位榖粒上。
紅燕麥： 榖粒分離時，上位榖粒由花梗(rachilla)基部斷裂，因此小花梗留在上位榖粒上。
春播型
秋播型
我國 1936年由日本引進野燕麥‘早生日向’，在恆春試種，1940在嘉義試種。
1974 由於酪農專業區的設立，因此冬季青割飼料。該年由美國引進的品種中選育，在1979命名為‘台大選1號’。
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燕麥植物學
根 ：種子根， 胚根以及2-3條種子根
不定根
葉：葉舌橢圓形，半透明，週邊有鋸齒形狀，無葉耳或不顯著。
花序：為複總狀花序，有4∼9主分枝，主分枝再生分枝，每小穗2∼5花，護穎較外穎長。
散開式花序：花序左右分開兩邊
邊旗式花序 (舊學名 Avena orientalis)：花序偏一邊 (見圖)
穎果：細長，表面有絨毛，腹面有腹溝，有叢毛著生頂部，內外穎不易脫離。
成熟外穎顏色：白、紅、黃、灰、黑不等
Avena fatua 手繪圖欣賞
生育環境
適冷涼氣候，年雨量約750mm以上或可灌溉地區。需水量較其他麥類略多
對土壤的適應性較小麥大麥、更大。
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燕麥生產
世界燕麥生產
1999 |
收穫面積 ha |
產量 Mt |
Kg/ha |
Russian
Federation |
4,920,000 |
5,315,000 |
1080
|
Canada |
1,414,700 |
3,656,700 |
2585
|
USA |
993,500 |
2,126,500 |
2140
|
Poland |
561,283 |
1,500,731 |
2674
|
Germany |
266,974 |
1,347,394 |
5047
|
Sweden |
340,000 |
1,242,000 |
3653
|
Australia |
789,000 |
1,222,000 |
1549
|
Finland |
388,000 |
1,215,000 |
3131
|
Ukraine |
550,000 |
900,000 |
1636
|
China |
400,000 |
800,000 |
2000
|
Spain |
392,219 |
623,356 |
1589
|
United
Kingdom |
98,000 |
600,000 |
6122
|
France |
122,000 |
552,000 |
4525
|
其他 |
2,588,643 |
5,056,142 |
1953 |
1994我國進口燕麥原料
|
. |
oat |
graot(oat meal) |
dehusked oat with pericarp |
other worked oat |
總計 |
|
來源國 |
公噸 |
千元 |
公斤 |
千元 |
公斤 |
千元 |
公斤 |
千元 |
千元 |
Australia |
160 |
907 |
. |
. |
3841900 |
34280 |
295050 |
3390 |
38577 |
Canada |
40 |
191 |
13608 |
138 |
. |
. |
. |
13606 |
13935 |
USA |
38 |
89 |
. |
. |
. |
. |
6464 |
185 |
274 |
Thailand |
20 |
272 |
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
272 |
HongKong |
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
2780 |
50 |
50 |
總計 |
258 |
1459 |
13608 |
138 |
3841900 |
34280 |
304294 |
17231 |
53108 |
燕麥與黑麥在以前種的較多，因為都種在較貧瘠的山坡，而燕麥更是因為以前用來餵食戰馬。
燕麥高可達1-1.5公尺，主要作為飼料，燕麥粉或燕麥片可作為麵包餅乾的添加材料。
燕麥在蘇格蘭與牛奶加鹽作成 porridge，作為早餐，在美英等地則是燕麥與牛奶加糖作成早點。
FAOSTAT CODE 燕麥原料一覽表
|
CODE |
COMMODITY |
DEFINITIONS, COVERAGE, REMARKS |
| 0075 |
OATS Avena spp., mainly Avena
sativa |
A plant with open, spreading panicle-bearing large spikelets.
Used primarily in breakfast foods. Makes excellent fodder for horses. |
| 0076 |
Oats, Rolled |
Obtained by crushing or rolling the whole or broken grain;
includes grains flaked, hulled or otherwise worked for human consumption. |
| 0077 |
Bran of Oats |
By-product of milling oats for human consumption, containing
mainly hulls and fragments of the endosperm (oat millfeed), as well as residues from
hulling, rolling, flaking, etc. |
rolled oat ：燕麥粒片，麥粒蒸熟後整粒壓片，厚度約0.51-0.76 mm
steel-cut oat groat：麥粒刀切成3-4片
oat flake：麥粒刀削蒸熟後壓片，厚度約0.36-0.46 mm，稱為快熟燕麥片(quick
o.k.)。若經過高壓蒸熟者，厚度僅0.28-0.33 mm，開水充炮即可食用，稱為速食燕麥片(instant
o.k.)。
oat flour：燕麥粉，不含麵筋，不能單獨製作麵包，一般小麥麵粉若加入燕麥粉，更可以保持麵包水分。
oat bran：燕麥麩
燕麥榖粒的商業使用方式
Cookies
Cookies usually contain thick quick, quick, thin quick or baby oat
flakes, but may also have large oat flakes, oat bran, oat flour, or crushed oats as an
ingredient.
Crackers & Snacks
Oats are usually included as an ingredient for texture
purposes. Crackers containing oats generally have crushed oats or steel cut as an
ingredient, but oat flour may also be used.
Breakfast Cereals
Cold granola or multi-grain type cereals; large flake, quick
rolled oats and oat bran as hot cereals; instant rolled oats in instant hot cereals; and,
oat flour as an ingredient in extruded (puffed) breakfast cereals.
Breads & Muffins
Oat bran, quick and old fashioned rolled oats, crushed oats,
and steel cut can all be used as bread and muffin ingredients. Wheat flour must be
present in order to have the dough rise.
Baby Foods
Several types of baby food contain oats, mainly in the form
of whole oat flour.
Cosmetics
Finely ground oat flour has been marketed as a bath powder.
Oat based “mud packs” exist as talc replacers looks promising. Oat
products are hypo-allergenic, and contain a product referred to as beta glucan, which is
closely associated with Vitamin E. Oat products are marketed as having the ability
to relieve itching, improve skin texture, and reduce wrinkling.
Pet & Animal Foods
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參考資訊
http://bioag.byu.edu/aghort/oatsite/mainpg.htm
http://www.fhsu.edu/agriculture/oatwebsites.htm
本網頁內的超連接，推薦的如下：
1.
Tips
on producing hull-less oats：Interest in producing, processing hull-less or
"naked" oats increasing
2.
UC Pest Management Guidelines
3.
The Grains Resource Database
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/
duke_energy/Avena_sativa.html#Description
燕麥榖粒的利用http://www.can-oat.com/uses/uses.html
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