有機農業

有機農業的定義 Organic agriculture, Organic farming

有機農業是一種生產食物以及纖維的體系，此體系的操作特點是不使用化學肥料以及農藥，而是仰賴生物多樣性，以及土壤肥力的維持與充實。

有機農業是依據生態原理以進行食物以及纖維生產的一種管理體系，此體系的操作盡量減少農場外的各項生產資材，而是仰賴生態平衡的維持、增進、以及修補，盡量使得農場成為一個完整的有機體 (Organism) 或生態系 (Ecosystem)。 (美國 National Organic Standards Board - April 1995)

有機農業是遵守自然資源循環永續利用原則，不允許使用合成化學物質，強調水土資源保育與生態平衡之管理系統，並達到生產自然安全農產品目標之農業。 (農委會)

Organic agriculture refers to particular farming practices that have been followed and certified by a third-party inspector. This organic certification is found on the product in the marketplace, indicating to consumers that it has been grown in a specific way.

Briefly, organic guidelines have been written in an attempt to be as sustainable as possible (using the definitions above), while assuring the consumer that the amount of pesticide residue on the food product is minimized.

Organic guidelines require that a crop rotation and soil-building practices be used; that pest control rely primarily on cultural, mechanical, and biological controls; and that pesticides used as a last resort are from plants and are short-lived in the environment.

Soil amendments should come from renewable resources as much as possible and only nonrefined mined products used, when manure, composts, or other sources of nutrients are not available. (KSU)

　

多樣化的有機農業觀

1. 自然農法 (MOA)

(岡田茂吉 Mokichi Okada International Association) 參考
有機農業全球資訊網中驗證與機構： MOA (國際美育自然生態基金會簡介)

外接： MOA Nature Farming and its Practice

2. 永久農業 Permaculture ("Permanent agriculture" 或 "Permanent culture"的縮寫)

Permaculture is about designing ecological human habitats and food production systems. It is a land use and community building movement which strives for the harmonious integration of human dwellings, microclimate, annual and perennial plants, animals, soils, and water into stable, productive communities.

The focus is not on these elements themselves, but rather on the relationships created among them by the way we place them in the landscape. This synergy is further enhanced by mimicking patterns found in nature.

A central theme in permaculture is the design of ecological landscapes that produce food. Emphasis is placed on multi-use plants, cultural practices such as sheet mulching and trellising, and the integration of animals to recycle nutrients and graze weeds. (ATTRA)

3. 素食有機園藝 Vegan organic horticulture (生態村 Ecological village)

Vegan organic horticulture is a method of growing plants without the use of chemical fertilizers, sprays etc and without using any animal products (except those obtained from humans).

It is a system of caring for the soil in a sustainable way to ensure it retains its fertility for future generations.

It is a method of growing plants that works in harmony with nature, encouraging a wide diversity of plant and animal life to share the land with us. (PFAF)

4. Biodynamics Farming 參考 http://www.biodynamics.com/

　

有機農業體系下的植物保護技術 (病蟲害以及雜草)

以預防代替清除；利用覆蓋作物、堆肥、生物性土壤改良製劑等先建立健康土壤，以培育健康抗性強的作物，同時培育多樣化的土壤微生物、昆蟲、鳥類與其他生物，來將蟲害降到最低。蟲害族群過量時，使用昆蟲天敵、捕蟲裝置、干擾繁殖、種植屏帳等方式來克服，若無成效，才以最嚴格的方式使用植物性或其他無害的除蟲劑。雜草管理採用翻土、覆蓋作物、輪作等非草劑的方法。

本網站：有機野譚農業生物多樣性

本網頁：其他參考資料

參考：有機作物生產技術

堆肥製作方法

我國的有機農業

參考：http://info.organic.org.tw/supergood/front/bin/ptlist.phtml?Category=100983 (宜蘭大學有機農業全球資訊網)

本課程「有機法規」

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其他參考資料

郭華仁 2006 基改作物與有機農業可以共存嗎？有機誌 2006 No.4，頁126-127。

郭華仁 2006 。我行我素--有機農業涵蓋大我。人間福報，2006/05/10。

吳子鈺 2002 一畝淨土，還諸天地‧‧‧一段小瓢蟲農場的有機種植歷程。台灣日報 2002/05/05~16 副刊

GMO作物

美國Organic Farming Research Foundation對於 GMO作物的反對立場：
GMO POLICY STATEMENT

歐洲近5年來實施有機農法面積的突飛猛進：圖

美國農部：台灣有機農產品市場調查報告