«e¡GºØ¤l¬ã¨s«Çºô¯¸ ¡A¥x¤j¹AÃÀ¨t
Former website (1997-2015) of the Seed Laboratory, National Taiwan University
Press to Enter English Pages
¥»ºô¯¸¯¸¤º·j´MÆ[ÂIºØ¤lºô   

ºØ¤l¾Ç(ºØ¤l¬ì¾Ç¡BºØ¤l§Þ³N¡BºØ¤l¥Í²z¾Ç)  ºØ¤l¤å¾Ç¡BºØ¤l­µ¼Ö¡BºØ¤l¹Ïµe¡BºØ¤l¼g¯u¡B´Óª«¹Ïµe¡Bªá¥c¶l²¼¡Bªá¶é´ºÆ[¡B¥xÆW¥Ð²ø  §@ª«¥Í²£·§½×¡B­Ó§O§@ª«¾Ç  ¹A·~­Û²z¡B³­¹»P¹A·~¬ÛÃöijÃD 

´Óª«»P¤f¡G

a29.gif (493 bytes) a32.gif (736 bytes) a31.gif (375 bytes) a30.gif (789 bytes) a34.gif (723 bytes)

¨ì¡G­»®Æ¥v

¦L¥§»P­»®Æ(spice)¶T©ö

¬ÛÃöºô¯¸¡GSpice Advice: Spice History

¡@

(¥H¤U¥D­n½s¦Û¡GJ.H. Brierley, 1994)

SPICE ·½¦Û©Ô¤B»yspecies ·N«ü¨ã¦³¯S§O»ù­ÈªºªF¦è¡A¬°´Óª«©ÊªÚ­»¤Î¨¯»¶ªºª«½è¡C¥Î³~¬O°µ¬°½Õ¨ý¡B­»Ât¡B¤ÆùÛ¡B­»¤ô¡BßӥC²£¦Û¦L«×¡BªF«n¨Èµ¥¦a¡C

¡@

¤B­»(clove, cengkeh) Eugenia caryophyllus

­ì²£©óBanda»PMoluccas¡A®çª÷Ä]¬ì´Óª«¤¤³Ì¨ã­»®ðªÌ¡A¥®¸­¬õ¦â¬°¨ä¯S¼x¡AºØ«á4¦~§Y¥i¶}ªáµ²ªG¡A¦ý¬O²£¶q¨ì¨ì²Ä20¦~¥H«á¤~¹F³Ì°ª¡A¤B­»¬O¥¼¶}ªºªá­c©Ò»s¦¨¡A¨C¦~6-12¤ë±Ä¦¬¡Aªá¥¼¶}«e§YºK¤U®Í°®¡A¦]¦Ó¥i¥H±N­»®ð«ÊµÛ¡C¦¨¼ôªº¤B­»¾ð¨C©u¥i¥H¥Í²£°®¤B­»ªº15¤½¤ç¡A¦L¥§¨C¦~¤B­»²£¶qªº15¸U¤½¾·¡A¤£¹L¶È¦³¤Ö¼Æ¥~¾P¡A1991¦~¥~¾P¶q¶È360¾·¡A¤j³¡¥÷¥Î¨Ó°µ­»µÒ¡A¦L¥§ªº­»µÒ¥s°µkretek¡A40%¬°¤B­»¡A60%¬°µÒ¯ó¡C

¤B­»°£¤F¾ã²Éªá­c¥~¡A¤]¥i¥H¬ã¿i¨Ï¥Î©ÎªÌ¥ÑªÞ¡B¸­¡B²ô´£·Òºëªo(eugenal)¡A¥i°µßӥΡA¥H¤Î­»¤ô¡B­»¨mªº¦¨¥÷¡C

¡@

¦×¨§çM(Nutmeg, pala¡Fmace, bunga pala) Myristica fragrans

­ì²£©óBanda, Moluccasµ¥®q¡A¦×¨§çM¬ìªº¦×¨§çM¾ð°ª¥i¹F20¤½¤Ø¡AªG¹ê¬ù¬°®ç¤lªº¤j¤p¡AªG¦×¥i­¹¡AºØ¤l¦¨¼ô®É°²ºØ¥Ö§e¬õ¦âºÙmace¤]¥i¥H§Q¥Î¡AºØ¥Ö«h§e²`´Ä¶Â¦â¡A¬O¬°nutmeg¡A·í¦a¤HºÙ¬°pala¡A¦Ómace«hºÙ¬°bunga pala¡CªG¹ê¦b7¤ë»P12¤ë±Ä¦¬¡A¦¬¦¨¦n®É¡A¤@®è¾ð¥i±Ä1500²ÉºØ¤l¡A¸­»P¾ð¥Ö¤]¬Ò¥i¥H´£·Ò¦×¨§çMºëªo¡A¥i¥Î¨Ó°µ¬°¶¼®Æ¥H¤Î­¹«~¥[¤uÅøÀYªº²K¥[ª«¡A¥H¼W¥[­·¨ý¤]¥i¥H¦b®a®x¥Î¼QÃú¾¯¤¤°µ¬°°£¯ä¾¯¡A¤]¬O°ª¯Å­»¤ô¤¤²¤¨ã»¶¨ýªº¨Ó·½¡A¦bªF«n¨È¤]°µ¬°ßӥΡC

¡@

­J´Ô(Pepper, merica) Piper nigrum

­ì²£©ó¦L«×¡AA.D.600®É¥Ñ«n¦L«×¤Þ¤J¤ö«z»PĬªùµªÃ¾¡C­J´Ô¬ì½¯ÃÃÃþ´Óª«¬°¦è¤è¤H³Ì¥D­nªº­»®Æ¡A¦L¥§²£¶q³Ì¦h¡A1991¦~¥~¾P´N¹F50,000¤½¾·¡C¦bªG¹ê¥¼¦¨¼ô«eºK¤U¨Ó¡A¾ã®Æ®Í°®´N¦¨¶Â­J´Ô¡A­Y¨äªG¹ê¦¨¼ô¡AªG¦×³n¤Æ«á¦A±Ä¦¬¡AµM«á±NªG¥Ö¥h°£¡AºØ¤l®Í°®¬°¥Õ­J´Ô¡C­J´Ô¼sªx¦a¥Î©ó­¹ª«¡B¥[¤u­¹«~¡A¤]¬O­»¤ôªº­«­n¦¨¥÷¡A¨k¤H¥Î­»¤ô§ó¤Ö¤£¤F¡C

¡@

¦×®Û(Cinnamon, kaya manis) Cinnamomum burmannii

(Callia) Cinnamomum cassia

¦×®Û¬O¥Ñ¤W­z´Óª«ªº¾ð¥Ö»s¦¨¡A­ì²£©ó¤ö«z»PSumatra¡A¼Ì¬ì´Óª«¡A°ª¥iÎR17¤½¤Ø¡A¤£¹L®â°öªÌ¦]¸g±`¬å¥ï¡A¦]¦¹¦¨¾ð¬ù2¤½¤Ø°ªÂO¥Íª¬¡A«B©u®É¡A¾ð¥Ö¸û³n¡A¾ð·F¬å¤U«á¥Î¤p¤M±N¾ð¥Ö¼¹¦¨1¤½¤Ø¥ª¥kªº¤ùª¬ªø±ø¡A°®Àê«á·b°_§e´Ä¦â¡AµM«á¤Á¦¨¤p¬q¥X°â¡A¾ð¥Ö¤Î¸­¤ù¤]¥i¥H©â¨úºëªo¡A¦×®Û¦b­¹«~¤Îº~ßÓ¤W¥Î³~«Ü¼s¡C

¡@

Á¤( ginger, jahe) Zingiber officinale

¡@

¡@

Á¤¶À(turmenc, kunyit) Curcuma domestica

¡@


¡@

¡@

­»®Æ¥v

¡@

¥j¥N

  • ¥j®J¤Î«Ü¦­´N¶}©l¨Ï¥Î­»®Æ¨Ó¨¾¤î«ÍÅé»GÄê¡C

  • ¥jù°¨¤HApicius the Epicure¦b1500BC ®É´N¦b¥Lªº²i½Õ®ÑÄy¤¤´£¤Î­J´Ô¡A¥þÁûªº©Î¿i¯»ªº¡A¥i¥Î©ó¦U¦¡¦U¼ËªºµæÀa¡C

  • §Æþ¾ÇªÌAristotle, Pliny, Hippocratesµ¥¦b¦è¤¸«e400¦~¤]³£´£¨ì­J´Ô¡C

  • ¤¤°êº~´Â®É¥N (206BC-AD220)¡A´Â§Ê¤j©x®Ê¨£¬Ó«Ò®É¡A¤f¤¤­n§t¤B­»°£¯ä

  • 200BC¥X²{ªº¦L«×¥v¸ÖRamayana¤]´£¨ì¤B­»¦³§U®ø¤Æ©ÎªÌºU¦bÂb¤ºÄZ­¹¡C

  • Dioscorides¦bAD65©Ò½sªºßÓ®Ñ(Materia Medica)´N´£¨ì¦U¦¡­»®ÆªºÂåßӥγ~¡C

¡@

­»®Æ¸s®q

  • Moluccas¸s®q¡A¬ù1000­Ó¤p®q¡A¨ä¤¤¶È­Y¤z¦³¥Í²£­»®Æ¡A§YTernate, Tidore, Motir, Makian(Machian), Batjan(Bachian)µ¥¡A¦b¨ª¹Dªþªñ ¡C¤B­»ªº­ì²£¦a¡C

  • Banda¸s®q¡A¥]¬ANeira, Lnotar, Aiµ¥¡C¦×¨§çMªº­ì²£¦a¡CMoluccas¸s®q¤ÎSerum®q¥H«n¡C

  • ³o¨Ç®qÀ¬­ì¨Óªº¥D­¹¬Osago (Metroxylon sagu, A-tat-chi)¡C

  • ®qÀ¬¤Wªº¶Ç²Î¡A¨C¥Í¤@­Ó«Ä¤l´NºØ¤@®è¤B­»¾ð¡C¾ðªøªº¤£¦n©Î³Q¬å±¼¡A¶H¼x¸Ó«Ä¤lªº¤Ì¹B¡C

  • 14¥@¬ö¥H«e¡A¬Ò¥ÑTidore, Ternateµ¥®q¤WªºÄ¬¤¦±±¨î­»®Æªº¶T©ö¡C

  • ¦L¥§¤H¥Ñ¤ö«z¶i¤f¨ì³o¨Ç®qªº¡A¥D­n¬O½_¦Ì¡A¥H¤Î¥Ñ¤¤°ê¶R¨Óªº³³²¡¾¹»È¹ô¦ç®Æ»ÉÆr¡A¥Ñ¦L«×¶R¨Óªº´Öµ·µ¥»s«~¡C®q¶¡ªº¥æ³q¥Îªº¬Okora-kora²î¡C

  • ¡@

¤ö«z»PĬªù¹FÄú(Sumatra)¬O¥H¥Í²£¦L«×¶Ç¨Óªº­J´Ô»D¦W¡C²Ä7¥@¬ö¥H¨Ó¥ÑSrivijaya¤ý´Â´x±±¶T©ö¥]¬ASunda®ü®lµ¥¦a¡C»P¤¤°êªº¶T©öÀWÁc¡C

¡@

¡@

¦­´Áªº­»®Æ¶T©ö

³°¸ô(µ·¸ô)¡G

  • ¤¤°ê¬ù¦b300 B.C.¥Ñ¦L¥§¶i¤f¤B­»¡Cº~´Â(206 B.C.)®É¥Ñ¬¥¶§¸g·sæ¡A¬ï¹L¤¤¨È¨ì¹F¼Ú¬wªº¶T©ö¸ô½u¡A¥HÅúµ·¡B¥É¡B»É¾¹¡B¥H¤Î«n¬vªº­»®Æ¬°¥D¡C

®ü¸ô(¦×®Û¸ô)¡G

  • ¨Ì©u¸`­·¨Ó¶i¦æ®ü¤Wªº©¹¨Ó¡C

  • ªü©Ô§B¤H¦­´Á´N±q¨Æ­»®Æªº¶T©ö¡A¥ý¥Ñ¦L¥§ªºMoluccas­»®Æ¸s®q±N¦×¨§çM¡B¤B­»¹B¨ì¦L«×Malabar®ü©¤¡AµM«á¦A²î¹B¨ìªi´µÆW¡AªuµÛEuphratesªe¨¦¨ì¤Ú¤ñ­Û¡A³Ìªñ¦b¦¹ªe¨¦¦Ò¥j¿ò¸ñ¤W«õ¥XºÒ¤Æ¤Fªº¤B­»¡A¦~¥N¬ù¬°3000BC¡C

  • ¥t¤@±ø®ü°ì«h¬O¥Ñ¦L«×ªuµÛªü©Ô§B®ü©¤¡A¬ï¹L¬õ®ü¨ì¹F®J¤Î¡AµM«á¦A¸g¦a¤¤®ü¡A½æµ¹§Æþù°¨¤H¡A¨È¾ú¤s¤j¤j«Ò©ó332BC«Ø¥ß¨È¾ú¤s¤j«°¡A´N¦¨¬°­»®Æ¶T©ö¤¤¤ß¡C

  • ¦]¦¹«D¬wªº°¨¹F¥[´µ¥[(Madagascar)¨ã¦³¿@«pªºªF«n¨È­·¡A¦p¤ô½_³°½_ªº®â°ö¡A¥H¤Î¦ñÀHµÛ®â°öªº¦UºØ¼y¨å¡A¯Ñ¤û¡A®·³½¥ÎªºÄx¤lµ¥¡C¸Ó®q»y¨¥³\¦h¬O¥Ñ¦L¥§¸ÜÂà¤Æ¦Ó¨Ó¡C

  • ù°¨·´«°¤§«á¡AªFù°¨«Ò°êªºBasra«°¡]¦bªi´µÆWªº«eºÝ¡^´N¦¨¬°­»®Æ¤¤¡A¦b¦¹¦a¡AÂå¥Í¥Î­»®Æ¨Ó»s°µÂåßÓ¡C

  • ¤Q¦r­x§ó©º(A.D. 1096-1291)¡A«Â¥§´µ¦¨¬°¦a¤¤®üªº­»®Æ¤Î¶T©ö¤¤¤ß¡Aª½¨ì16¥@¬ö¸²µå¤ú¤H¤~±N­»®Æ¶T©öÅv¥Ñ«Â¥§´µ¤H¤â¤¤¹Ü¥h¡C

¡@

¸²µå¤ú¦bªF¦L«×¸s®q

  • 16¥@¬ö«á¡A³Â¤»¥Ò(Malacca)®ü®l¦¨¬°ªF«n¨È¶T©ö¤¤¤ß¡C

  • ¸²µå¤ú¦b1511¦û»â³Â¤»¥Ò¡A¦ýµLªk¥þ½L´x±±­»®Æ¶T©ö¡C¥_ĬªùµªÃ¾ªº¦^±Ð®{¤´µM¥i¥H±N­J´Ô¹B¨ì¬õ®üªºMecca¡C

  • 1513¸²µå¤ú¤Hµn³°Mollucas®qÀ¬¡A¶}©l¥Ñ¤B­»¡B¦×¨§çMµ¥ªº¶T©öÀò§Q¡C¯S§O¬O16¥@¬öªº«á¥b¡C¦b1571-1610¤§¶¡¡A¥­§¡¨C¦~¹B¦^ªº­»®Æ¹F1000¾·¡C

  • 1557¸²µå¤ú¤H¦æ¸g¥xÆW®ü®l¡AÅåÆv©ó¬üÄR¤§®q¡C

  • ¥Ñ©ó¸²µå¤ú¤Hµ½©ó©ºªA§ó³Ó©ó¸gÀç¡A¦]¦¹©l²×µLªk¥þ½L¾ÞÁa¦L¥§ªº­»®Æ¶T©ö¡C¨ä¶Õ¤O´N³vº¥¨S¸¨¡C

¡@

²üÄõ»P­^°ê¦bªF¦L«×¸s®q

  • 17¥@¬ö®É¡A¸²µå¤ú»P²üÄõ¬Ò³Q¦è¯Z¨È²Îªv¡C1595¦~¦è¯Z¤úÃö³¬¨½´µ¥»(Lisben)·í®É¼Ú¬wªº­»®Æ¶T©ö¤¤¤ß¡A¦]¦¹²üÄõ¥u¦n¦Û¦æ¶}©Ý¨Ó·½¡C

  • 1588¦~¡A­^°êÀ»±Ñ¦è¯Z¨È«á¡A­Û´°°Ó¤H¦VQueen Elizabeth I ½Ð¨D­ã³\®ü¥~±´ÀI¡A¥H¿Ñ¨D­»®Æ¶T©öªº§Q¼í¡C

  • 1598¦~¡A²ü¤HJan Huygen van Linschoten¥Xª©±M®ÑItinerario¡A°O¸ü¸²µå¤ú¤Hªº¯è®ü§Þ³N¡A¸ô½u»P¸gÅç¡A´£¨Ñ«ÜÄ_¶Qªº°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ¡C

  • ²üÄõ¦b1600¦~»PAmbonªº»â¥Dñ¬ù¡A³vº¥¨ú±o­»®Æªº±M½æÅv¡C

  • ­^°ê1600¦¨¥ßªF¦L«×¤½¥q(EIC, East India Company, English)¡C

  • 1619¦~²üÄõ¦û»â¶®¥[¹F¡A§ï¦W¬°Batavia¡A¦¨¬°²üÄõ«Ò°ê¦bªF«n¨Èªº­º³£¡C

  • ²üÄõ1602¤]¦¨¥ßªF¦L«×¤½¥q(VOC, Vereenigde Oostindische Compaggnie, Dutch)¡C

  • ¨â°ê¦b1619¹F¦¨¨óij¡A§¡¤À¥»¦a­»®Æ§Q¼í¡CVOC¤£±q¡A¤Ï¦Ó¥[®`¦bAmbon®qªº­^°ê¤H¡C

  • ²üÄõ¦b1621¦~µn³°Banda®qÀ¬¡A®i¶}«I²¤±O±þ¡C¨ä¤¤ªºRun®q¤]¤£¯à­Æ§K¡C¤£¹L­^°êªº¶Õ¤O¤´¤Î©óRUN®q¡C1667¦~¨â°ê¨ó©w¡A­^°ê¥HRUN®q´«¨ú²üÄõ¦b¥_¬ü¬wªºÄݦa¡ANew Armaterdam¤¤ªº¤p®qManhatten¡AµM«á±N¤§§ï¦W¬°New York¡C

  • ¦b17¥@¬öªº«e¥b¡AVOC±±¨î¾ã­Ó­»®Æªº¥Í²£¡A¥]¬AºØ´Ó¦aÂI»P¼Æ¶q¡A¨Ó¿Ñ¨D³Ì¤jªº§Q¼í¡C§C¬Û»P¦×¨§çM¶È¯à¦bBanda¸s®qºØ´Ó¡A¨ä¥L¦aÂIªº­»®Æ´Óª««h¤©¥H¬å¥ï¡A¨p¦ÛºØ´ÓªÌ¦º¦D¡C¬°¤F¨¾¤î¥L¤H¨p¦ÛºØ´Ó¡A´¿±N¦×¨§çM®û¥H¥Û¦Ç¤ô¡A¥ø¹Ï¨ÏºØ¤lµLªkµoªÞ¡CSerum®q¤Wªºsago¤]³Q¬å±¼¡A¨Ï±o¸Ó®q¿à¥Hºû¥Íªº¥D­¹¨Ñµ¹¤£¦A¡C®q¤H¥u¦n¥~²¾¡C

  • ²üÄõ¦b1641¥Ñ¸²µå¨È¤â¤¤·m¨«Malacca¡A µM«á¤Î©ó°¨¨Ó¥b®q¤Î¾Fªñ®qÀ¬¡C¦b1658´x±±¿üÄõªº¦×®Û¶T©ö¡C1684²üÄõ¦V¦L¥§Ä¬¤¦­n¨D©Ò¦³¨ä¥L¼Ú¬w¤H¥X¨«¤ö«z¡A¦]¦¹¾Ö¦³­J´Ôªº±M½æÅv¡C

  • 1700¦~¥H«á¡A²üÄõ¥Ñ­»®ÆªºÀò§Q³vº¥¤U­°¡A³¡¥÷ªº­ì¦]¬O¦]¬°¼Ú¬wÂA¦×¤w¥i¥H¾ã¦~¨ÑÀ³¡Cºû«ù°Ó²îªº¶O¥Î¤]°¾°ª¡CVOCªº³W¼ÒÁö»·¸û­^°êEIC¤j¡A¦ýÀò§Q¤ñªÌ¸û§C¡C

  • ªk°ê¦bMauritusªºÁ`·þ¡APierre Poivre¡A¦b1770¨ú±o¦×¨§çM¡B¤B­»ªº¥®­]¡A±N¦¹²£·~²¾¨ì«D¬wªF©¤¡C¨Ï±o²üÄõªº±M½æ¤£¦A¡C¥[¤W­^°ê¦b19¥@¬ö©ó¦¹ºØ­J´Ô¡A¨Ï²{¤µ«D¬wªF³¡¤]¬O­«­nªº­»®Æ²£¦a¡C

  • ²üÄõ»P­^°ê¦b1780 µo¥Í¾Ô¨Æ¡A²üÄõ¾Ô±Ñ­^°ê¤H¦b1811¨ú±o³Â¤»¥Ò¡C¨ä«á²üÄõ©Ò¦³ªº­»®Æ¤¤¤ß³°Äò²_³´¡AVOC²×©óÃöªù¡C1824¦~¨â°êñ¬ù¡A²üÄõ±N©Ò¦³­»®Æ¤u¼tÅýµ¹­^°ê¡C¦ý¦¹«á­»®Æ¶T©öªº­«­n©Ê¤w¸g¦¨¬°¹L¥h¡C

¡@

¬ü°êªº­»®Æ¶T©ö(°Ñ¦Òºô¯¸¸ê®Æ)

  • Americans began their entry into the world spice race in 1672.

  • Boston-born Elihu Yale, a former clerk of the British East India Company in Madras, India, began his own spice business. He made a fortune that he would one day use to startYaleUniversity.

  • In 1797 Captain Jonathan Carnes sailed into Salem, Massachusetts from Indonesia with a large load of pepper.
    He had traded directly with Asian natives rather than going through European-held monopolies. As a result, Salem,
    Massachusetts became the center of spice trade in North America. The first voyage produced a 700% profit, and trading was off and running. Nearly one thousand American ships made that around-the-world voyage over the next 90 years.

  • As their influence grew, Americans made many new contributions to the spice world. Texan settlers developed chili powder in 1835 as a simpler way to make Mexican dishes. In 1889 food researchers in Watsonville, California developed the techniques for dehydrating onions and garlic. In 1906 Eugene Durkee wrote the first standards for spice purity under the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act.

  • Asia still grows most of the spices that once ruled the trade, including cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg, cloves, and ginger. However, more and more spices are being planted in the Western Hemisphere along with a wide variety of herbs and aromatic seeds. Brazil is a major supplier of pepper. Grenada grows nutmeg. Jamaica grows ginger and allspice. Nicaragua, El Salvador, and the United States grow sesame seed. Europe and California produce many herbs, and Canada grows several aromatic seeds.

  • From the beginning of history the strongest nations have controlled the spice trade. The same is true today; the United States is now the world's major spice buyer, followed by Germany, Japan, and France.
    ¡@

¾Ç¥ÍŪ®Ñ³ø§i¡G¤HÃþ¥|  ³¯Ïɵa   ²L½Í­»¨¯®Æ»P¥Í¬¡

¡@

¡@

¡@