¨ì¡G»®Æ¥v
¦L¥§»P»®Æ(spice)¶T©ö
¬ÛÃöºô¯¸¡GSpice
Advice: Spice
History
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(¥H¤U¥Dn½s¦Û¡GJ.H. Brierley, 1994)
SPICE ·½¦Û©Ô¤B»yspecies
·N«ü¨ã¦³¯S§O»ùȪºªF¦è¡A¬°´Óª«©ÊªÚ»¤Î¨¯»¶ªºª«½è¡C¥Î³~¬O°µ¬°½Õ¨ý¡B»Ât¡B¤ÆùÛ¡B»¤ô¡BßӥC²£¦Û¦L«×¡BªF«n¨Èµ¥¦a¡C
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¤B» (clove,
cengkeh)
Eugenia caryophyllus
ì²£©óBanda»PMoluccas¡A®çª÷Ä]¬ì´Óª«¤¤³Ì¨ã»®ðªÌ¡A¥®¸¬õ¦â¬°¨ä¯S¼x¡AºØ«á4¦~§Y¥i¶}ªáµ²ªG¡A¦ý¬O²£¶q¨ì¨ì²Ä20¦~¥H«á¤~¹F³Ì°ª¡A¤B»¬O¥¼¶}ªºªác©Ò»s¦¨¡A¨C¦~6-12¤ë±Ä¦¬¡Aªá¥¼¶}«e§YºK¤U®Í°®¡A¦]¦Ó¥i¥H±N»®ð«ÊµÛ¡C¦¨¼ôªº¤B»¾ð¨C©u¥i¥H¥Í²£°®¤B»ªº15¤½¤ç¡A¦L¥§¨C¦~¤B»²£¶qªº15¸U¤½¾·¡A¤£¹L¶È¦³¤Ö¼Æ¥~¾P¡A1991¦~¥~¾P¶q¶È360¾·¡A¤j³¡¥÷¥Î¨Ó°µ»µÒ¡A¦L¥§ªº»µÒ¥s°µkretek¡A40%¬°¤B»¡A60%¬°µÒ¯ó¡C
¤B»°£¤F¾ã²Éªác¥~¡A¤]¥i¥H¬ã¿i¨Ï¥Î©ÎªÌ¥ÑªÞ¡B¸¡B²ô´£·Òºëªo(eugenal)¡A¥i°µßӥΡA¥H¤Î»¤ô¡B»¨mªº¦¨¥÷¡C
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¦×¨§çM (Nutmeg,
pala¡Fmace,
bunga pala)
Myristica fragrans
ì²£©ó Banda, Moluccasµ¥®q¡A¦×¨§çM¬ìªº¦×¨§çM¾ð°ª¥i¹F20¤½¤Ø¡AªG¹ê¬ù¬°®ç¤lªº¤j¤p¡AªG¦×¥i¹¡AºØ¤l¦¨¼ô®É°²ºØ¥Ö§e¬õ¦âºÙmace¤]¥i¥H§Q¥Î¡AºØ¥Ö«h§e²`´Ä¶Â¦â¡A¬O¬°nutmeg¡A·í¦a¤HºÙ¬°pala¡A¦Ómace«hºÙ¬°bunga
pala¡CªG¹ê¦b7¤ë»P12¤ë±Ä¦¬¡A¦¬¦¨¦n®É¡A¤@®è¾ð¥i±Ä1500²ÉºØ¤l¡A¸»P¾ð¥Ö¤]¬Ò¥i¥H´£·Ò¦×¨§çMºëªo¡A¥i¥Î¨Ó°µ¬°¶¼®Æ¥H¤Î¹«~¥[¤uÅøÀYªº²K¥[ª«¡A¥H¼W¥[·¨ý¤]¥i¥H¦b®a®x¥Î¼QÃú¾¯¤¤°µ¬°°£¯ä¾¯¡A¤]¬O°ª¯Å»¤ô¤¤²¤¨ã»¶¨ýªº¨Ó·½¡A¦bªF«n¨È¤]°µ¬°ßӥΡC
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J´Ô (Pepper,
merica) Piper
nigrum
ì²£©ó¦L«×¡AA.D.600®É¥Ñ«n¦L«×¤Þ¤J¤ö«z»PĬªùµªÃ¾¡CJ´Ô¬ì½¯ÃÃÃþ´Óª«¬°¦è¤è¤H³Ì¥Dnªº»®Æ¡A¦L¥§²£¶q³Ì¦h¡A1991¦~¥~¾P´N¹F50,000¤½¾·¡C¦bªG¹ê¥¼¦¨¼ô«eºK¤U¨Ó¡A¾ã®Æ®Í°®´N¦¨¶ÂJ´Ô¡AY¨äªG¹ê¦¨¼ô¡AªG¦×³n¤Æ«á¦A±Ä¦¬¡AµM«á±NªG¥Ö¥h°£¡AºØ¤l®Í°®¬°¥ÕJ´Ô¡CJ´Ô¼sªx¦a¥Î©ó¹ª«¡B¥[¤u¹«~¡A¤]¬O»¤ôªº«n¦¨¥÷¡A¨k¤H¥Î»¤ô§ó¤Ö¤£¤F¡C
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¦×®Û(Cinnamon,
kaya manis)
Cinnamomum burmannii
(Callia)
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Á¤( ginger,
jahe) Zingiber
officinale
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Americans began their entry into the world spice race in 1672.
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Boston-born Elihu Yale, a former clerk of the British East India
Company in Madras, India, began his own spice business. He made
a fortune that he would one day use to startYaleUniversity.
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In 1797
Captain Jonathan Carnes sailed into Salem, Massachusetts from
Indonesia with a large load of pepper.
He had traded directly with Asian natives rather than going
through European-held monopolies. As a result, Salem,
Massachusetts became the center of spice trade in North America.
The first voyage produced a 700% profit, and trading was off and
running. Nearly one thousand American ships made that
around-the-world voyage over the next 90 years.
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As their
influence grew, Americans made many new contributions to the
spice world. Texan settlers developed chili powder in 1835 as a
simpler way to make Mexican dishes. In 1889 food researchers in
Watsonville, California developed the techniques for dehydrating
onions and garlic. In 1906 Eugene Durkee wrote the first
standards for spice purity under the U.S. Pure Food and Drug
Act.
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Asia
still grows most of the spices that once ruled the trade,
including cinnamon, pepper, nutmeg, cloves, and ginger. However,
more and more spices are being planted in the Western Hemisphere
along with a wide variety of herbs and aromatic seeds. Brazil is
a major supplier of pepper. Grenada grows nutmeg. Jamaica grows
ginger and allspice. Nicaragua, El Salvador, and the United
States grow sesame seed. Europe and California produce many
herbs, and Canada grows several aromatic seeds.
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From the
beginning of history the strongest nations have controlled the
spice trade. The same is true today; the United States is now
the world's major spice buyer, followed by Germany, Japan, and
France.
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